A con man is a person who
intentionally misleads another person, usually for personal financial gain. In
recent history there have been a number of con men who have really stood out
for either the wealth they amassed, or the ease with which they tricked people.
This is a list of 10 of the most famous con men in recent history.
1. Frank Abagnale [Born: 1948]
After moving to New York, Frank lived
solely on the income of his fraudulent activities. One of his most famous
tricks was to print his own account number on fake bank deposit slips so that
when clients of the bank deposited money, it would actually go in to his
account. By the time the banks realised what had happened, Frank had taken
$40,000 and run.
For two years, Abagnale travelled
around the world free by masquerading as a Pan Am pilot. He was able to abuse
the professional courtesy of other airlines to provide free transport for
competing airline pilots if they had to move to another city at short notice.
When he was nearly caught leaving a plane, he changed his masquerade to that of
a Doctor. He worked as a medical supervisor for 11 months without detection. At
other times he worked as a lawyer and a teacher.
He was eventually caught in France
and spent six months in prison there. After that he was extradited to Sweden
and imprisoned for a further six months. After a successful escape whilst
travelling to the United States, he was finally given 12 years in Prison. He
escaped from his prison by masquerading as an undercover officer of the Bureau
of Prisons. He was once again captured in New York City and returned to jail.
After serving only five years of his sentence, the US Federal Government
offered him his freedom in return for helping the government against fraud and
scam artists without pay.
He currently runs Abagnale and
Associates, a financial fraud consultancy company and is a multi-millionaire.
2. Charles Ponzi [Born: 1882; Died:
1949]
Ponzi, an Italian immigrant to the
United States became one of the most famous con men in American history. While
many people do not know the name Ponzi, the Ponzi Scheme is extremely
well known and continues today in Internet Make Money Fast schemes. His
early life is not entirely known as he was prone to fabricate stories about it.
What is known is that he spent a short amount of time at University in Rome
and, after dropping out, caught a boat to Boston, USA where he arrived with
$2.50 in his pocket.
His early years in the United States
were troublesome. He began working at a restaurant but was soon fired for
playing tricks with the bills and shortchanging customers. His next job was
working in a bank in Canada that catered to Italian immigrants. His knowledge
of numbers helped him to do very well there. Unfortunately it turned out that
the owner of the bank was stealing money from newly opened savings accounts to
pay the interest on the interest bearing accounts and to cover bad investments.
The bank owner eventually fled to Mexico and left Ponzi without a job. After
writing a fraudulent cheque and spending a number of years in prison, Ponzi
determined to become wealthy at any cost.
Once he had settled in to life on the
outside, he discovered postal reply coupons through a letter that was sent to
him from abroad. He realised that he could buy foreign coupons at massively
devalued prices (because of price fixing after the war) and then resell them in
the United States for a 400% profit. This was a form of arbitrage and it was
legal. Ponzi began canvasses friends and acquaintances for money – promising
them a 50% return or a doubling of their money in 90 days. He started his own
company, the Securities Exchange Company, to promote the scheme.
The word of this great investment
quickly spread and before long Ponzi was living in a luxurious mansion. He was
bringing in cash at a fantastic rate, but the simplest financial analysis
showed that he wasn’t making money, he was losing it rapidly. For every dollar
he took in, he went more deeply into debt. As long as money kept flowing in,
Ponzi would stay ahead of the eventual collapse.
People soon began to become
suspicious and the press were starting to publish negative articles about him.
Inevitably people were starting to demand their money. Shortly after, federal
agents raided his office and shut it down. No stock of stamps was found and
everyone that had invested their money with Ponzi lost every penny. It is
probably that he lost tens of millions of dollars. Ponzi plead guilty of mail
fraud and was sent to prison. After one escape he was returned to jail to
complete his sentence. He was eventually deported back to Italy and he died
there in poverty in 1949.
3. Joseph Weil [Born: 1877; Died:
1975]
Joseph “Yellow Kid” Weil was one of
the most famous con men in his era. Over the course of his career he is
believed to have stolen over 8 million dollars. In his first job as a
collector, he realized that his co-workers were collecting their debts but
keeping a little part of the money for themselves. Weil started a protection
racket – offering not to report their activities in return for a small portion
of what they were taking.
He also used phony oil deals, women,
fixed races, and an endless list of other tricks to steal from an increasingly
gullible public. He could change his persona daily to further his gains: one
day he was Dr. Henri Reuel, a noted geologist who travelled around and told his
hosts that he was a representative for a big oil company while draining them of
the cash they gave him to “invest in fuel.” The next day he was director of the
Elysium Development Company, promising land to innocent believers while robbing
them in recording and abstract fees. Or he was a chemist par excellence, who had
discovered how to copy dollar bills; promising to increase your fortune, he
would multiply your bill’s then take the booty once the police arrived.
In his autobiography, Weil writes:
“The desire to get something for
nothing has been very costly to many people who have dealt with me and with
other con men,” Weil writes. “But I have found that this is the way it works.
The average person, in my estimation, is ninety-nine per cent animal and one
per cent human. The ninety-nine per cent that is animal causes very little
trouble. But the one per cent that is human causes all our woes. When people
learn — as I doubt they will — that they can’t get something for nothing, crime
will diminish and we shall live in greater harmony.”
4. Victor Lustig [Born: 1890; Died: 1947]
In 1925, as France was recovering
from the war, the upkeep of the Eiffel tower was an almost unbearable expense
for the city of Paris. When Lustig read about this in a paper, he came up with
his most brilliant idea. After forging government credentials, he invited six
scrap metal dealers to a secret meeting in a hotel. He explained that the City
could not afford to keep the tower and that they had to sell it for scrap. He
told them the secrecy of the meeting and all future dealings was due to the
fact that the public may become distressed at the idea of the removal of the
tower.
While it seems implausible, at the
time the tower was built it was meant to be temporary and this happened just 18
years after the original date for removal of the tower. Lustig took the dealers
in a limousine to tour the tower. One of the dealers, Andre Poisson was
convinced that the tale was legitimate and he handed over the money. When he
realised he had been conned, he was too embarrassed to tell the police and
Lustig escaped with the money. One month later, he returned to Paris to try the
whole scam again. This time it was reported to the police but Lustig managed to
escape.
At one point, Lustig convinced Al
Capone to invest $50,000 with him. He stored the money in a vault and returned
it two months later, stating that the deal had fallen through. Capone, so
impressed by Lustig’s honesty gave him $5,000 for his effort. In 1934, Lustig
was found guilty of counterfeiting. He plead guilty and was sentenced to 20
years in Alcatraz. In 1947 he died of pneumonia whilst in jail in Springfield,
Missouri.
5. George Parker [Born: 1870; Died:
1936]
Parker was one of the most audacious
con men in American history. He made his living selling New York’s public
landmarks to unwary tourists. His favorite object for sale was the Brooklyn
Bridge, which he sold twice a week for years. He convinced his marks that they
could make a fortune by controlling access to the roadway. More than once
police had to remove naive buyers from the bridge as they tried to erect toll
barriers.
Other public landmarks he sold
included the original Madison Square Garden, the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
Grant’s Tomb, and the Statue of Liberty. George had many different methods for
making his sales. When he sold Grant’s Tomb, he would often pose as the
general’s grandson. He even set up a fake “office” to handle his real estate swindles.
He produced impressive forged documents to prove that he was the legal owner of
whatever property he was selling.
Parker was convicted of fraud three
times. After his third conviction on December 17th, 1928 he was sentenced to a
life term at Sing Sing Prison. He spent the last eight years of his life behind
bars. He was popular among guards and fellow inmates who enjoyed hearing of his
exploits. George is remembered as one of the most successful con men in the
history of the United States, as well as one of history’s most talented
hoaxers. His exploits have passed into popular culture, giving rise to phrases
such as “and if you believe that, I have a bridge to sell you”, a popular way
of expressing a belief that someone is gullible.
6. Soapy Smith [Born: 1860; Died:
1898]
Soapy Smith (born Jefferson Randolph
Smith) was an American con artist and gangster who had a major hand in the
organized criminal operations of Denver, Colorado, Creede, Colorado, and
Skagway, Alaska from 1879 to 1898. He is perhaps the most famous “sure-thing”
bunko man of the old west. Some time in the late 1870s or early 1880s, Smith
began duping entire crowds with a ploy the Denver newspapers dubbed The Prize
Package Soap Sell Swindle.
Jefferson would open his “tripe and
keister” (display case on a tripod) on a busy street corner. Piling ordinary
soap cakes onto the keister top, he would describe their wonders. As he spoke
to the growing crowd of curious onlookers, he would pull out his wallet and
begin wrapping paper money ranging from one dollar up to one hundred dollars,
around a select few of the bars. He then finished each bar by wrapping plain
paper around it to hide the money. He mixed the money-wrapped packages in with
wrapped bars containing no money. He then sold the soap to the crowd for a
dollar a cake.
A shill planted in the crowd would
buy a bar, tear it open it, and loudly proclaim that he had won some money,
waving it around for all to see. This performance had the desired effect of
enticing the sale of the packages. More often than not, victims bought several
bars before the sale was completed. Midway through the sale, Smith would
announce that the hundred-dollar bill still remained in the pile, unpurchased.
He then would auction off the remaining soap bars to the highest bidders.
Through the masterful art of
manipulation and sleight-of-hand, the cakes of soap wrapped with money were
hidden and replaced with packages holding no cash. It was assured that the only
money “won” went to members of what became known as the “Soap Gang.” Soapy was
eventually shot to death by a group he swindled in a card game.
7. Eduardo de Valfierno
Eduardo de Valfierno, who referred to
himself as Marqués (marquis), was an Argentine con man who allegedly
masterminded the theft of the Mona Lisa. Valfierno paid several men to steal
the work of art from the Louvre, including museum employee Vincenzo Peruggia.
On August 21, 1911 Peruggia hid the Mona Lisa under his coat and simply walked
out the door.
Before the heist took place,
Valfierno commissioned French art restorer and forger Yves Chaudron to make six
copies of the Mona Lisa. The forgeries were then shipped to various parts of
the world, readying them for the buyers he had lined up. Valfierno knew once
the Mona Lisa was stolen it would be harder to smuggle copies past customs.
After the heist the copies were delivered to their buyers, each thinking they
had the original which had just been stolen for them. Because Valfierno just
wanted to sell forgeries, he only needed the original Mona Lisa to disappear
and never contacted Peruggia again after the crime. Eventually Peruggia was
caught trying to sell the painting and it was returned to the Louvre in 1913.
8. James Hogue [Born: 1959]
Hogue is a US impostor who most
famously entered Princeton University by posing as a self-taught orphan. In
1986 Hogue enrolled in a Palo Alto High School as Jay Mitchell Huntsman, a
16-year-old orphan from Nevada. He had adopted the identity of a dead infant. A
suspicious local reporter exposed him. In 1988 Hogue enrolled at Princeton
University using the alias Alexi Indris Santana, a self-taught orphan from
Utah. He deferred admission for one year because he had been convicted of the
theft of bicycle frames in Utah. Hogue claimed in his application materials
that he had slept outside in the Grand Canyon, raising sheep and reading
philosophers. He violated his parole to enter class. For the next two years he
lived as Santana and as a member of the track team. He was also admitted into
the Ivy Club.
In 1991 Hogue’s real identity was
exposed when Renee Pacheco, a student from the Palo Alto High School,
recognized him. He was arrested for defrauding the university for $30,000 in
financial aid and sentenced to three years in jail with 5 years probation and
100 hours of community service.
On May 16, 1993 Hogue made headlines
again through his association with Harvard University. Having lied about his
identity again, he was able to take a job as a security guard in one of
Harvard’s on campus museums. A few months into his tenure, museum officials
noticed that several gemstones on exhibit had been replaced with inexpensive
fakes. Somerville police seized Hogue in his home and charged him with grand
larceny to the tune of $50,000.
On March 12, 2007 Hogue pleaded
guilty to a single felony count of theft of more than $15,000 in exchange for a
prison sentence not to exceed 10 years, and prosecutors’ agreement to drop
other theft and habitual criminal charges.
9. Robert Hendy-Freegard [Born: 1971]
Robert Hendy-Freegard is a British
barman, car salesman, conman and impostor who masqueraded as an MI5 agent and
fooled several people to go underground for fear of IRA assassination. He met
his victims on social occasions or as customers in the pub or car dealership where
he was working. He would reveal his “role” as an undercover agent for MI5,
Special Branch or Scotland Yard working against the IRA. He would win them
over, ask for money and make them do his bidding. He demanded that they cut off
contact with family and friends, go through “loyalty tests” and live alone in
poor conditions. He seduced five women, claiming that he wanted to marry them.
Initially some of the victims refused to co-operate with the police because he
had warned them that police would be double agents or MI5 agents performing
another “loyalty test”.
Hendy-Freegard also seduced a newly
married personal assistant who was taking care of his children. He told her he
was with MI5 and forced her to cut contact with friends and family lest the IRA
would kill her. He also took naked pictures of her and threatened to give them
to her husband if she would not cooperate. She had to change her name and tell
the deed poll officer it was because she was sexually abused as a child. Her
loyalty tests included sleeping in Heathrow airport and on park benches for
several nights and pretending to be a Jehovah’s Witness so that his bosses in
MI5 would let them marry.
In 2002 Scotland Yard and the FBI
organized a sting operation. First, the FBI bugged the phone of the American
psychologist’s parents. Her mother told Hendy-Freegard she would hand over
£10,000 but only in person. Hendy-Freegard met the mother in Heathrow airport
where police apprehended him. He denied all charges and claimed they were part
of a conspiracy against him and continued this story in the subsequent trial.
On June 23, 2005, after an eight month trial, Blackfriars Crown Court convicted
Robert Hendy-Freegard for two counts of kidnapping, 10 of theft and 8 of
deception. On September 6, 2005 he was given a life sentence. Police doubt that
they have discovered all the victims. On April 25, 2007, the BBC reported that
Robert Hendy-Freegard had appealed against his kidnapping convictions and won.
This means that the life sentence is revoked but he will still serve nine years
for the other offences. He could be free by the end of 2007.
10. Bernard Cornfeld [Born: 1927;
Died: 1995]
Bernard Cornfeld was a prominent
businessman and international financier who sold investments in US mutual
funds. He was born in Turkey. When he moved to the US, he first worked as a
social worker but became a mutual fund salesman in the 1950s. Although he
suffered from a stammer, he had a natural gift for selling and when a
schoolfriend’s father died, the two of them used the $3,000 insurance money to
purchase and run an age and weight guessing stand at the Coney Island funfair.
In the 1960s, Cornfeld formed his own
mutual fund selling company, Investors Overseas Services (IOS), which he
incorporated outside the US with funds in Canada and headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland. Although the headquarters were offcially in Geneva, the main
operational offices of IOS were in Ferney-Voltaire, France, a short drive from
the Swiss border to Geneva—this was simply a means of avoiding the problems of
obtaining Swiss work-permits for the many employees. During the next ten years,
IOS raised in excess of $2.5 billion, bringing Cornfeld a personal fortune of
more than $100 million. Cornfeld himself became known for conspicuous
consumption with lavish parties. Socially, he was generous and jovial.
A group of 300 IOS employees complained to the Swiss
authorities that Cornfeld and his co-founders pocketed part of the proceeds of
a share issue raised among employees in 1969. Consequently he was charged with
fraud in 1973 by the Swiss authorities. When Cornfeld visited Geneva, Swiss
authorities arrested him. He served 11 months in a Swiss jail before being
freed on a bail surety of $600,000. He returned to Beverly Hills, living less
ostentatiously than in his previous years. He developed an obsession for health
foods and vitamins, renounced red meat and seldom drank alcohol. He suffered a
stroke and died of a cerebral aneurysm on 27th February 1995 in London,
England.
By James Frater
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